Idiopathic central alveolar hypoventilation Late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction Primary central sleep apnea of prematurityĬongenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome ĭifficulty initiating or maintain sleep, poor quality of sleepĪbnormal respiration during sleep characterized by intermittent partial or complete upper airway obstructionĬentral sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathingĬentral sleep apnea due to a medical disorder without Cheyne-Stokes breathingĬentral sleep apnea due to high altitude periodic breathingĬentral sleep apnea due to a medication or substance The main category of sleep problems includes insomnias, parasomnias, hypersomnias, sleep-related breathing disorders, circadian-rhythm disorders, sleep-related disorders and other sleep disorders ( Table 1). According to ICD-10-CM classification system, seven main categories of sleep disturbances are distinguished. Sleep disorders are classified according to several major classifications systems, such as the International Classification for Sleep Disorders, 3rd Edition (ICSD-3), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). Rechtschaffen’s experimental studies on sleep deprivation in rats showed that complete sleep deprivation led to the death of all test animals within 2–3 weeks. Sleep also supports cognitive functions, mood, and memory, and affects the proper functioning of the endocrine and immune systems. Sleep is one of the most important physiological processes and is considered to be the rest and convalescence phase essential in preparing the body for subsequent wakefulness. Behavioral changes during sleep are accompanied by a reorganization of brain activity. Sleep is a spontaneous and periodic physiological state consisting in the absence of motor activity, decreased reactivity to stimuli and a stereotypical position. The most common aura is the visual aura occurring in 90% of migraine patients with aura. Migraine with aura is characterized by transient focal neurological symptoms (visual, sensory, speech, language, motor, brainstem or retinal) which usually precede or sometimes accompany the headache. The ICHD-3 criteria divide migraine for three main categories: migraine with aura, migraine without aura and chronic migraine. In most patients the intensity of pain is from moderate to severe during attacks. The pain may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and photo- and phonophobia. According to the definition, migraine involves a unilateral or bilateral, pulsating headache aggravated by physical activity. The disorder is diagnosed based on criteria defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) (3rd Edition, 2018). The term “migraine” is derived from the Latin word “hemicrania”, which means half (hemi) skull (crania). The peak of prevalence affects people between 35 and 39 years, about 75% of migraine headaches start before the age of 35 years. Its estimated 1 year prevalence is approximately 15% in the general population, three times more common in women than men. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, migraine is the second most common cause of disability and is the second most prevalent neurological disease. Migraine is a widespread neurological disorder, affecting approximately 1 billion people worldwide.
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